To improve understanding of the environmental influential and controlling factors of the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE), total organic carbon content (TOC), total sulfur content (TS), and sulfur isotope of pyrite (δ³⁴S_py) of black shale of the Jiangjunling section, in southern Anhui Province, China are analyzed. TOC and TS show positive correlation, indicating non-euxinic environment. δ³⁴S_py exhibits obvious decrease in Floian and more oscillation in the Middle Ordovician. Combined with global sulfur isotope of carbonate-associated sulfate (δ³⁴S_CAS) and δ³⁴S_py data from previous researches, a marine oxygenation event is suggested by decreasing pyrite burial and increasing sulfur isotopic fractionation during the latest Tremadocian to middle Floian, which might boost GOBE. During the late Floian to Darriwilian, δ³⁴S_CAS from different areas decreases in succession, while δ³⁴S_py is characterized by large oscillation, which is contributed to low sulfate concentration and sulfide reoxidation in the ocean.

Combined with TF-IDF method and variance statistical forumla, a new method for the extraction of multi-class feature is presented. This microblog short text oriented extraction method is used to determine the fine-grained sentiment type. Then the processes of fine-grained sentiment analysis is bulit. This method is used to praticipate the NLP&CC2013 evaluation, and the effectiveness of this method is proved by the good ranking of the subimitted data.

Detailed researches on the stable carbon isotopes at the Loufangwan Section, Huaying, Sichuan Province show the stable carbon isotopes has the similarities with many other Permian-Triassic records around the world. A larger mean value of Δ_B in earliest Triassic than that in latest Permian indicates increasing concentration of phosphate and bloom of primary producers in the ocean. Large volcanic eruption and enhanced weathering that began in the end of Permian were possible triggers for a slow decrease in δ¹³C_carb. Synchronously, quick decreases in δ¹³C_carb and δ¹³C_org in the earliest Triassic, indicating a global carbon cycle change, might be due to the main episode of the mass extinction and upwelling of anoxic deep-water masses during sea level rise. Therefore, the carbon isotopes profile around the Permian-Triassic boundary may reflect combined results of volcanic activity, sea level change, mass extinction of marine and land biomass decrease and anoxic water upwelling.

Abundant microbialites, from the Middle Cambrian Qinjiamiao Group in the Gudongkou section near Xingshan County of Hubei Province, south China, were described in detail by macro- and microscopic observations. The microbialites in the Qinjiamiao Group consist of a great amount of stromatolites and minor thrombolites, and contain some distinguishable filamentous fossils of Girvanella. The relationship between Girvanella filaments and sediment particles strongly suggests that the microbialites in the Qinjiamiao Group were formed by microbial mats trapping and binding of carbonate sediment and the calcification of Girvanella filaments. The morphologic and structural patterns of the microbialites and associated sedimentary features argue that these microbialites were deposited in the deep to shallow subtidal settings. The Middle Cambrian Microbialites Resurgence Event, distinguished from the Qinjiamiao Group in Yangtze Platform and elsewhere in the world, might be controlled by virtually barren of metazoan, and could be recognized as a performance of the unique stutter-step transitional interval from Proterozoic stromatolitic-thrombolitic reefs to Phanerozoic metazoan-dominated reefs.

Morphological and ecological diversity of organisms increased during the global Great Biodiversification Event from the late Early Ordovician. Those changes were accompanied with a marked declines in microbial reefs in the subtidal settings. The reefs were built by benthic microbes, Calathium, and lithistid sponges in the middle Early Ordovician Honghuayuan Formation of Jianxin, Anhui Province. The reefs exhibit three main rock types: 1) massive skeletal grainstones， 2) lithistid sponge Calathium-microbial bindstones, and 3) microbial boundstones. Girvanella, one of representative calcimicrobes, is classified into four categories in the reefs: 1) dispersed, 2) encrusting, 3) forming into intraclasts, and 4) infilling within sponges. These types of Girvanella play a significant frame-building role in the Calathium/ lithistid sponge- microbial reefs of the Honghuayuan Formation. Such kind of microbial reefs commonly occur in the Yangtze Platform and elsewhere in the world just prior to the first acme ofthe Ordovician biodiversification. Metazoan competitions with microbes might be closely related to marked declines in microbial sediments decline after the deposition of the microbial reefs of the Honghuayuan Formation.

Two basic shell structures are recognized based on study of brachiopods across the Frasnian-Famennian (F/F) boundary (Upper Devonian) in Hunan Province, South China, which are characterized respectively by the presence and absence of a tertiary columnar layer. For excluding poorly preserved shells, a shell alteration index is suggested to estimate the state of preservation of brachiopod shells through examination under cathodoluminescence and scanning electron microscopes. This study shows brachiopod taxa (e.g., Atrypida) with both secondary and tertiary layers have better state of shell preservation and more concentrate carbon and oxygen isotopic distribution than those only with secondary layers and consequently, are more reliable material to determine stable isotopic composition of the Devonian seawater.